It showed the boundary of Xinjiang up to Raskam. Petersburg, provided a map which coincided with the Ardagh–Johnson line in broad details. In 1893, Hung Ta-chen, a senior Chinese official at St. The boundary of Kashmir that he drew, stretching from Sanju Pass to the eastern edge of Chang Chenmo Valley along the Kunlun mountains, is referred to as the "Johnson Line". Johnson noted that Khotan's border was at Brinjga, in the Kunlun mountains, and the entire Karakash Valley was within the territory of Kashmir. Accordingly, he engaged in a hasty north–south traverse survey of the hitherto-unexplored Aksai Chin, following the main trade route - averaging about thirty miles per day. Johnson of the Survey of India was commissioned to undertake a survey of "beyond and to the north of the Chang Chenmo valley", as a part of the Kashmir Series. Johnson's proposed boundary line marked in dark green Scholar Steven Hoffman later used "Ardagh–Johnson Line" to refer to the line generally shown on British maps, which differs from the "Johnson line" in its northern boundary. No names were used for the boundary lines in the northeast of Kashmir prior to these authors. The term "Johnson boundary" was used by historian Alastair Lamb in his book The China–India Border (1964) and "Johnson line" by journalist Neville Maxwell. Major General John Charles Ardagh was the chief of the British military intelligence in London, who formally proposed to the British Indian government the alignment drawn by Johnson as the boundary of India in 1897. The boundaries shown therein have been reproduced in practically all British and international maps of the British Raj till 1947. The results of the survey were published in a "Kashmir Atlas" in 1868. Johnson was a surveryor with the Survey of India, who, as part of the Kashmir Survey team in 1865, surveyed the region now called Aksai Chin. Map 4: Jammu and Kashmir in 1946 map by the National Geographic Following the Chinese reluctance to acquiesce to the more conservative Macartney–MacDonald Line, the British eventually reverted to the forward line in the Aksai Chin area, which was then inherited by the independent Republic of India. The Ardagh–Johnson Line represented the "forward school" that wanted to advance the boundary as forward as possible as a defence against the growing Russian empire. The British preference among the three choices varied over time based on the perception of their strategic interests in India. The Ardagh–Johnson Line is one of three boundary lines considered by the British Indian government, the other two being the Macartney–MacDonald Line and a line along the Karakoram range. It abuts China's Xinjiang and Tibet autonomous regions. The Ardagh–Johnson Line is the northeastern boundary of Kashmir drawn by surveryor William Johnson and recommended by John Charles Ardagh as the official boundary of India. Map 1: The Ardagh–Johnson line marked in red as the "traditional boundary" of the state of Jammu and Kashmir
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